美国大学技术转移历史，现状及发展趋势 JSUSHistoryTrends.pdfVIP

University Technology Transfer in the U. S.: History, Status and Trends by Jon Sandelin, Senior Associate Emeritus, Office of Technology Licensing (); Stanford University, Palo Alto, California* (jon.sandelin@) Technology transfer of new ideas and innovation from universities and research institutes into society occurs in many ways. The focus of this paper is on use of intellectual property protection and licensing as one such method, but it is important to recognize and use, as appropriate, all available methods. Graduated students, who carry the ideas and knowledge learned at the university with them as they enter the work-force following graduation, are the most effective technology transfer agents. In the U.S., our government laboratories and research institutes, who are encouraged by our Government to create active technology transfer programs, are less effective in technology tranfer because they do not teach and graduate students on a regular basis. Publications and conferences are traditional forums for publicizing research results and sharing new ideas and discoveries with others. They permit industry to learn about, and monitor, the generation of new knowledge that may be relevant to their business interests. Universities traditionally welcome visiting scholars from other universities, but more recently, newer programs such as formation of interdisciplinary research centers, industrial affiliates programs, and research collaborations between universities and industry have brought industry representatives onto the campus and into the university research laboratories. At Stanford, we have also had visiting scientists from industry whose purpose is to learn about and to be able to recreate a licensed invention back at their company. Faculty consulting is strongly encouraged at Stanford and most other U.S. universities, as it provides faculty with additional income and also provides them *Authors Note: This Artic