《Multiple-antenna techniques for wireless communications - a comprehensive literature survey》.pdf

IEEE COMMUNICATIONS SURVEYS TUTORIALS, VOL. 11, NO. 2, SECOND QUARTER 2009 87 Multiple-Antenna Techniques for Wireless Communications – A Comprehensive Literature Survey Jan Mietzner, Member, IEEE, Robert Schober, Senior Member, IEEE, Lutz Lampe, Senior Member, IEEE, Wolfgang H. Gerstacker, Member, IEEE, and Peter A. Hoeher, Senior Member, IEEE Abstract—The use of multiple antennas for wireless commu- which is reflected in the convergence of digital wireless nication systems has gained overwhelming interest during the networks and the Internet. For example, cell phones with last decade - both in academia and industry. Multiple antennas integrated digital cameras are ubiquitous already today. One can be utilized in order to accomplish a multiplexing gain, a diversity gain, or an antenna gain, thus enhancing the bit rate, can take a photo, email it to a friend – and make a phone call, the error performance, or the signal-to-noise-plus-interference of course. ratio of wireless systems, respectively. With an enormous amount In order to guarantee a certain quality of service, not only of yearly publications, the field of multiple-antenna systems, high bit rates are required, but also a good error performance. often called multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, has However, the disruptive characteristics of wireless channels, evolved rapidly. To date, there are numerous papers on the per- formance limits of MIMO systems, and an abundance of trans- mainly caused by multipath signal propagation (due to reflec- mitter and receiver concepts has