《第四篇_市場社會的交換學或經濟學》.docVIP

人的行为_第四篇_市场社会的交换学或经济学 2010-06-16 09:18:56 来自: 无端(我将开口，同时感到空虚。) XIV. THE SCOPE AND METHOD OF CATALLACTICS 第14章 交换学的范围和方法 1. The Delimitation of Catallactic Problems 一、交换学的问题之界定 There have never been any doubts and uncertainties about the scope of economic science. Ever since people have been eager for a systematic study of economics or political economy, all have agreed that it is the task of this branch of knowledge to investigate the market phenomena, that is, the determination of the mutual exchange ratios of the goods and services negotiated on markets, their origin in human action and their effects upon later action. The intricacy of a precise definition of the scope of economics does not stem from uncertainty with regard to the orbit of the phenomena to be investigated. It is due to the fact that the attempts to elucidate the phenomena concerned must go beyond the range of the market and of market transactions. In order to conceive the market fully one is forced to study the action of hypothetical isolated individuals on one hand and to contrast the market system with an imaginary socialist commonwealth on the other hand. In studying interpersonal exchange one cannot avoid dealing with autistic exchange. But then it is no longer possible to define neatly the boundaries between the kind of action which is the proper field of economic science in the narrower sense, and other action. Economics widens its horizon and turns into a general science of all and every human action, into praxeology. The question emerges of how to distinguish precisely, within the broader field of general praxeology, a narrower orbit of specifically economic problems. 关于经济学的范围，从来没有任何疑问和不确定之点。自从人们渴望有一系统完整的经济学或政治经济学以来，大家都同意：这是研究市场现象这个知识部 门的工作，也即，测定在市场上商讨的财货与劳务的相互交换率、交换率在人的行为中的根源，以及它们对后继行为的影响。经济学范围的一个精确定义之复杂性， 不是发生于所要研究的现象轨道之不确定。而是由于：说明有关现象的那些尝试，必然越出市场和市场交易的范围。为要充份了解市场，我们不得不同时作两方面的 工作，一方面硏究假设的孤立状态的个人行为，一方面把市场制度与一假想的社会主义国相比较。在研究人际交换的时候，我们不免要涉及变态心理下的交换。这 时，我们就不可能在两类行为之间划出一条明确的界线，把那属于经济科