第六章感染与免疫精品.pptVIP

第6章 细菌的感染与免疫 Bacterial Infection and Immunity Review Questions Chapter 4~Chapter 5 Define these terms: bacteriophage/phage, virulent phage, lysogenic phage, lysogenic bacterium, lysogeny, plasmid, conjugation, transformation, transduction, Describe the applications of bacteriophage Describe the phenomena of bacterial variation. Define the features of plasmid. Chapter 6 Define these terms: conditioned pathogen /opportunistic pathogen, normal flora, dysbacteriosis, nosocomial infection, LD50, ID50, toxoid, toxemia, bacteremia, septicemia, pyemia What are the functions of normal flora? what are the conditions for opportunistic bacteria to cause diseases? What are the modes of transmission of infection? Compare and contrast exotoxin with endotoxin 基本概念 细菌的感染（bacterial infection）或传染: Multiplication of an infectious agent within the body. 细菌侵入宿主机体后，进行生长繁殖、释放毒性物质等引起不同程度的病理过程 致病菌或病原菌（pathogen）：能使宿主致病的细菌 A microorganism capable of causing disease. 非致病菌或非病原菌 （nonpathogenic bacterium, nonpathogen） 第一节 正常菌群与条件致病菌（一）正常菌群（normal flora)参见P127 1.正常菌群的概念及分布 正常人的体表和同外界相通的口腔、鼻咽腔、肠道、泌尿生殖道等腔道中都寄居着不同种类和数量的微生物。当人体免疫功能正常时，这些微生物对宿主无害，有些对人还有利，是为正常微生物群，通称正常菌群. The microbes that parasitize the body surface or tracts connecting with the external ,while don’t harm the host in ordinary conditions. 2.正常菌群生理学意义： 1．生物拮抗(antagonism ) ——作屏障 The normal flora may antagonize other bacteria through the production of substances which inhibit or kill nonindigenous species. Mechanisms: Competition of nutrients and receptors Metabolic substances by normal flora: e.g., bacteriocins, antibiotics, etc. 2．营养作用(nutrition) ——产营养 Members of the resident flora in the intestinal tract synthesize vitamin K and aid in the absorption of nutrients 3．免疫作用(immunization) —— 有免疫 The normal flora stimulate the production of cross-reactive antibodies. 4．抗衰老作用(anti-ageing effect ) ——除废物 The normal flora influence human lifespan (anti-ageing eff