range-free localization schemes for large scale sensor.ppt

Range-free Localization Schemes for Large Scale Sensor Networks Tian He Chengdu Huang Brian M. Blum John A. Stankovic Tarek Abdelzaher University of VirginiaCharlottesville, VA The first Sensor Networks Research started in the 80s by DARPA Early sensor networks were used in the military Example: Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS) Modern applications Physical security Detecting intruders Medical Patients in a hospital Habitat monitoring Wildlife, plants Environmental Tracking forest fires, pollution Smart buildings Air traffic control Surveillance Time of arrival (TOA) B. H. Wellenhoff, H. Lichtenegger and J. Collins, Global Positioning System: Theory and Practice. Fourth Edition, Springer Verlag, 1997 Angle of arrival (AOA) Basic APIT scheme Anchors are location aware sensors in the sensor network. APIT employs area-based approach to isolate triangular regions between beaconing nodes. Once the area is known the COG calculation is performed for the location. Perfect PIT Test Proposition 1: If M is inside triangle ABC, when M is shifted in any direction, the new position must be nearer to (further from) at least one anchor A, b or C Continued… Proposition 2: If M is outside triangle ABC, when M is shifted, there must exist a direction in which the position of M is further from or closer to all three anchors A, B and C. Perfect PIT Test If there exists a direction such that a point adjacent to M is further/ closer to points A, B, and C simultaneously, then M is outside of ABC. Otherwise, M is inside ABC. Perfect PIT test is infeasible in practice. Departure Test. Experiments show that, the receive signal strength is decreasing in an environment without obstacles. Therefore further away a node is from the anchor, weaker the received signal strength. Appropriate PIT Test. Use neighbor information to emulate the movements of the nodes in the perfect PIT test. If no neighbor of M is further from/ closer to all three anchors A, B and C simultaneously, M assumes th