第一章基因组的复制讲解.pptVIP

真核生物的端粒和端粒酶 端粒(telomere)： 真核生物染色体线性DNA末端结构，含DNA串联重复序列，与染色体的稳定有关。 真核生物复制的终止 端粒酶(telomerase)：RNA-蛋白质复合物，所含RNA与端粒的碱基序列部分互补。有反转录酶活性，防止复制时端粒的缩短。 组成： 端粒酶RNA (human telomerase RNA, hTR) 端粒酶协同蛋白(human telomerase associated protein 1, hTP1) 端粒酶逆转录酶(human telomerase reverse transcriptase, hTRT) 提供RNA模板和催化逆转录的功能，是一种特殊的逆转录酶 5? 3? 3? 5? 5? 3? 3? 5? 真核生物染色体线性DNA末端结构 真核生物染色体DNA复制的特点 1、多个复制起点，呈双向复制，多复制子 2、真核生物DNA复制速度比原核慢。 4、真核生物染色体在全部复制完之前起点不再重新开始复制；真核生物快速生长时，往往采用更多的复制起点。 5、真核生物有多种DNA聚合酶。 6、真核生物线性染色体两端有端粒结构，由端粒酶负责合成新链填补5?RNA引物切除后的切口，亦保持端粒的一定长度。 DNA链合成 DNA Pol III DNA Pol δ （二）环状DNA双链的复制 θ 型复制 滚环复制 D环复制 1、θ 型复制 环状DNA从复制起始(Ori)开始复制中间产物为θ 形结构，复制可以是双向或单向进行，多数为等速双向复制。 双环由拓扑异构酶解开超螺旋及产生两个相同的子代DNA。 * * DNA的生物合成包括：DNA复制，逆转录，DNA损伤修复。　 * 在生物学与医学研究中，HeLa细胞是指源自一名美国妇女的子宫颈癌细胞的细胞。 * Embryonic stem cells express telomerase, which allows them to divide repeatedly and form the individual. In adults, telomerase is highly expressed in cells that need to divide regularly (e.g., in the immune system), whereas most somatic cells express it only at very low levels in a cell-cycle-dependent manner . It is specifically the Telomerase protein, not the RNA component that is absent ... the RNA component remains abundant in adult tissue ... the hTERT(humantelomerase reverse transcriptase）gene encoding the human Telomerase protein has been cloned ... and when inserted into normal cell lines, the cell lines become immortalized ... This directly shows that Telomerase alone leads to immortalization The Hayflick limit (or Hayflick Phenomenon) is the number of times a normal cell population will divide before it stops, presumably because the telomeres reach a critical length.[1][2] The Hayflick limit was discovered by Leonard Hayflick in 1961,[1] at the Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, when Hayflick demonstrated that a population of normal human fetal cells in a cell culture divide between 40 and 60 times. It then enters a senescence phase (refuting the contention by Alexis Carrel that normal cel