公有资源问题解析.pptVIP

公有资源 公有资源的供给或提供 一个故事 在那遥远的地方 一片美丽的草原 一群勇敢的牧人 …… 一头牛，两头牛，三头牛…… 多年以后……太多的牛群 …… 一片荒芜的草地 Why Is the Cow suplus? 一条解释逻辑： The Different Kinds of Goods When thinking about the various goods in the economy, it is useful to group them according to two characteristics: Is the good excludable排他性的? Is the good rival竞争性的? Excludability and Rivalness 1.Excludability People can be prevented from enjoying the good.可以阻止一个人消费该产品 2.Rivalness（in consumption） One person’s use of the good diminishes another person’s enjoyment of it. 一个人消费一点该产品后，别人对该产品的消费就少一点。 Four Types of Goods Private Goods Public Goods Common Resources Natural Monopolies Types of Goods Private Goods Are both excludable and rival. 电脑、非诚勿扰影碟、拥挤的收费道路 Public Goods Are neither excludable nor rival. 国防、城市道路、路灯、不拥挤的不收费道路 Common Resources公有资源 Are rival but not excludable. 环境、公海鲸鱼、拥挤的不收费道路 Natural Monopolies Are excludable but not rival. 有线电视、铁路火车、不拥挤的收费道路 Types of Goods externality 1.The definition of An externality . . . when a person engages in an activity that influences the well-being of a bystander and yet neither pays nor receives any compensation for that effect. 2.Variations of Externalities When the impact on the bystander is adverse, the externality is called a negative externality. When the impact on the bystander is beneficial, the externality is called a positive externality. Examples of Negative Externalities Automobile exhaust Cigarette smoking Barking dogs (loud pets) Loud stereos in an apartment building Examples of Positive Externalities Restored historic buildings Research into new technologies The Prisoners’ Dilemma 囚徒困境——个体理性与集体非理性：理 性悖论 让我们 再回到从前 逻辑的解释——公共草原的利用 The Prisoners’ Dilemma Tragedy of the Commons公地的悲剧 The Tragedy of the Commons is a story with a general lesson: When one person uses a common resource, he or she diminishes another person’s enjoyment of it,at last,the common resource is damaged. Common resources tend to be used excessively when individuals are not charged for