Chapter1Introduction绪论(现代语言学)….doc

Chapter 1 Introduction 绪论 linguistics? 什么是语言学？ 1.1 definition 定义 Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 语言学是对语言进行科学研究的学科。 Languages in general 针对所有语言而言 A scientific study of language is based on the systematic investigation of data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. 语言进行科学地研究最根本的是要对语言材料进行系统的调查研究，并在语言结构的一般理论指导下进行。 The linguist has to do first is to study language facts, i.e. to see how language is actually used; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. 语言学家首先必须研究语言材料，即要观察一般情况下语言的使用方法，继而对语言的结构具体地提出一些假设。 A linguistic theory is constructed about what language is and how it works. 一套语言学理论是说明语言的本质内容以及这些语言是如何发挥作用的。 1.2 The scope of linguistics 语言学的研究范畴 The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. This deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. 把语言学作为一个整体而进行的全面的语言学研究一般称为普通语言学。它的研究对象主要是能够应用于所有语言研究的基本概念、理论、描述、模型和方法等。 Language is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facets, so it is hardly possible for the linguists to deal with it all at once. They have to concentrate on one aspect of it at a time. 语言是一种包含有多个层次和方面的综合体，所以语言学家们不可能一下子都能面面俱到，每一次只能集中研究其中的一个方面。 What first drew the attention of the linguists were the sounds used in languages. This study of sounds used in linguistic communication led to the establishment of a branch of linguistics called phonetics. 首先引起语言学家们注意的是语言使用中的声音现象。这种对语言交际中声音的研究最终促成了语言学的第一个分支——语音学的建立。 Linguists became interested in how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication; they developed another branch of study related to sounds called phonology. 语言学家们开始对交际中语音的组合规律及传达意义的方式感兴趣，这样他们又建立了和语音相关的另外一个分支——语系学。 Morphology 形态学 Syntax 句法学 Semantics 语义学 Pragmatics 语用学 Sociolinguistics 社会语言学 Psycholinguistics :心理语言学 We as infants acquire our mother tongue. 小时候是怎么习得母语 Applied linguistics 应用语言学 The emergence of a new teaching approach or method