核能专业英语试卷库解说.docVIP

核能专业英语试题（A卷） 考试时间：90分钟 姓名： 班级： 学号： The most elementary concept is that matter is composed of individual particles – atoms – that retain their identity as elements in ordinary physical and chemical interactions. Thus a collection of helium atoms that forms a gas has a total weight that is the sum of the weights of the individual atoms. Also, when two elements combine to form a compound, the total weight of the new substance is the sum of the origin elements. 公认的物质的概念是：物质是由单个粒子——原子组成，在普通的化学和物理反应中原子保持了元素的特性。因此，因此一团由氦原子组成的气体的重量就是其中每一个原子重量的总和。同样，当两种元素结合成化合物时，新物质的总重量是原先的元素的质量之和。 Bohr assumed that the atom consists of a single electron moving at constant speed in a circular orbit about a nucleus --the proton--as sketched in Fig. X.X. Each particle has an electric charge of l.6×l0-l9 coulombs, but the proton has a mass that is 1836 times that of the electron. 波尔假设（氢）原子由一个单独的电子绕着一个核子——质子，以圆形轨道作恒定速度的移动——见图X.X，每个粒子有l.6×l0-l9库伦的电量，质子的质量是电子质量的1836倍。 Most elements are composed of particles of different weight, called isotopes. The nucleus of ordinary hydrogen is the positively charged proton; the deuteron consists of a proton plus a neutron, a neutral particle of weight very close to that of the proton; the triton contains a proton plus two neutrons. 大多数元素是由重量不同的粒子构成，我们称之为“同位素”。普通氢的原子核是一个带正电的质子；氘核由一个质子加一个重量十分接近质子的中性粒子（中子）组成；氚核则是由一个质子加两个中子组成。 The number of disintegrations per second (dis/sec) of a radioisotope is called the activity, A. Since the decay constant ( is the chance of decay each second of one nucleus, for N nuclei the activity is the product A = ( N. The unit dis/sec is called the becquerel (Bq), honoring the scientist who discovered radioactivity. Another older and commonly used unit of activity is the curie (Ci) named after the French scientists Pierre and Marie Curie who studied radium. The curie is 3.7 (1010 dis/sec. 放射性同位素每秒衰变的原子数称为活度（记作A）。既然衰变常