第二章-2细菌细胞结构分析.ppt

抗原构造 ：有O、K、H、F四种抗原。 O抗原为脂多糖，已有171种，其中162种与腹泻有关，是分群的基础。 K抗原有103种，为荚脂多糖抗原。从病人新分离的大肠杆菌多有K抗原，有抗吞噬和补体杀菌作用。根据耐热性等不同，K抗原分为L、A、B三种，其中L、B不耐热，有60种。 F抗原至少有5种，与大肠杆菌的粘附作用有关、表明大肠杆菌血清型的方式是按O：K：H排列，例如O111：K58（B4）：H2。 仅见于少数革兰阴性菌。 数量少，1-4根。 比普通菌毛长而粗，中空呈管状。 性菌毛由致育因子F质粒编码，故又称F菌毛。 带有性菌毛的F+菌与无性菌毛的F-菌相遇时，性菌毛与其相应受体结合，F+菌内的质粒或DNA可通过性菌毛 进入F-菌体内，此过程—接合(conjugation)。 性菌毛是某些噬菌体吸附于菌细胞的受体。 芽胞是细菌的休眠形式，芽胞形成后细菌即失去繁殖能力。 产生芽胞的多是革兰阳性菌。 芽孢折光性强、壁厚、不易着色，经特殊染色光镜下可见。 In Gram-positive bacteria there are numerous different peptide arrangements among peptidoglycans. The best studied is the murein of Staphylococcus aureus shown in Figure 8 below. In place of DAP (in E. coli) is the diamino acid L-lysine (L-lys), and in place of the interpeptide bond (in Gram-negatives) is an interpeptide bridge of amino acids that connects a free amino group on lysine to a free carboxy group on D-ala of a nearby tetrapeptide side chain. This arrangement apparently allows for more frequent cross-bonding between nearby tetrapeptide side chains. In S. aureus, the interpeptide bridge is a peptide consisting of 5 glycine molecules (called a pentaglycine bridge). Assembly of the interpeptide bridge in Gram-positive murein is inhibited by the beta lactam antibiotics in the same manner as the interpeptide bond in Gram-negative murein. Gram-positive bacteria are more sensitive to penicillin than Gram-negative bacteria because the peptidoglycan is not protected by an outer membrane and it is a more abundant molecule. In Gram-positive bacteria peptidoglycans may vary in the amino acid in place of DAP or L-lys in position 3 of the tetrapeptide, and in the exact composition of the interpeptide bridge. At least eight different types of peptidoglycan exist in Gram-positive bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria may contain a single monomolecular layer of murein in their cell walls while Gram-positive bacteria are thought to have several layers or wraps of peptidoglycan. Closely associated with the layers of peptidoglycan in Gram-positive bacteri