Chapter 6 Manufacturing Manmade Fibers.pptVIP

Ch.6 Manufacturing Manmade Fibers The history of manmade fiber development may be indirectly related to fiber price. Silk was a luxury fiber, appreciated （欣赏） by those who could afford it and coveted(垂涎，渴望) by those who could not. Early attempts to make an artificial silk fiber tried to duplicate（重复） the actions of a silkworm（蚕） feeding on mulberry（桑树） leaves and spinning a cocoon（茧）. With some 1990 prices of Chinese silk being quoted at $51 per kilogram, interest in duplicating silk fibers may resurge. （复活） History From Robert Hooke‘s publication of Micrographia in 1664 to the 1892 Cross, Bevan and Beadle patent for viscose（粘胶纤维）, the interesting history of the development of manmade fibers has been recorded (see the reference section at the end of this chapter). Hooke did not actively pursue the development of artificial silk, but he did speculate（推测） on the possibility of chemically duplicating the fibrous secretion(纤维状分泌物)of the silkworm. Early attempts to dissolve cellulose（纤维素） and form a fiber were based on the use of nitric acid(硝酸) to dissolve the cellulose in such materials as paper, twigs(嫩枝), leaves, and cotton. The names commonly given to the cellulose nitrates(硝化的纤维素)thus formed were nitrocellulose （n.硝化纤维素） and guncotton （火药棉） Fiber Forming and Spinning Whether a fiber-forming polymer is chemically synthesized or regenerated from a naturally occurring polymer, it must be produced in a physical form suitable for conversion into a textile product. The basic process for fibers involves forcing a liquid or fluid through a nozzle（喷嘴）, or spinnerette（纺丝头）; forming a long slender filament; stretching or drawing material; and collecting the fiber for further processing or sale. The specific process used depends on the type of polymer being extruded. SPINNING METHODS The three major spinning, or extrusion, processes are wet spinning(湿纺), dry or solvent spinning（干法或溶液纺丝）, and melt spinning（熔体纺丝，熔熔纺丝）. A fourth type, emulsion spinning（乳液纺丝）, can be used for poly