第二部分：大洋概述.pptVIP

第二部分：大洋 The Ocean reservoir Particulate material in the oceans Total suspended material(TSM) Great particle conspiracy Plays a vital role in regulating the chemical composition of sea water via the removal of the dissolved constituents from solution and their down-column and lateral transport to the bottom sediment sink. Measurement and collection Indrect (in situ): light absorption light scattering Direct collection and subsequent analysis: filtration or centrifugation Sediment trap TSM分布 三层模型： 表水层 清澈的最低浓度层 深水层 表水层：沿岸浅水和河口区浓度较高，变化也较大，源自：河流及大气的外部输入；内部生成（原始生产力）均在沿岸水体中表现较强。 沿岸水体：100——3000ug/l 远海可低至10ug/l clear-water minimum 中部最低浓度层 Biscaye and Eittreim(1977) 表层之下，悬浮体浓度降低，来自：颗粒物下沉后的分解（主要是有机质的氧化分解和介壳的溶解），对流过程的搬运。 深度随区域变化。 除浓度低外，其分布与表水层相近。 深水层 在许多海域，最小层之下，TSM有所增加，反映出下降外的其他颗粒来源。 主要来自底部沉积物的再悬浮形成的雾状层 净颗粒量：受控于陆架的浊流和对流，单纯的底流再悬浮。其中沿岸边界流最为有效（200-500ug/l）。 雾状层中缺少高速流，其浓度高度时空可变，反映强烈的幕式沉积物改造事件“storm”的存在。 组成 主要讨论表水 外部输入成分：陆壳物质风化产物（普遍而少量）（铝硅酸盐和石英）（在中国海占60%，西非外占10%，大洋不到5%，反映陆源物质输入的强弱），有机质，絮凝的金属-有机胶体，河流和河口沉淀的铁锰氧化物。 内部产生的成分：生物物质（常50%），无机沉淀和再悬浮沉积物。 人为排放 TSM 沉降及其变化 There is a continual cycle of aggregation and disaggregation of oceanic TSM, which leads to the production of a particle population that has no specific size classes within it. In the context of both biogeochemical reactivity (e.g. the removal of dissolved elements by active biological uptake and passive scavenging) and particle flux transport (dominated by large-sized material), it is convenient to envisage the particles as being divided into two general populations: A common, small-sized population (probably 5um in diameter), termed fine particulate matter (FPM), which undergoes large-scale horizontal transport. A rare, large-sized population, referred to as coarse particulate matter (CPM), which consists mainly of particle aggregates 50um in diameter that undergo vertical settling; i.e. a sinking population, which is the prime carrier in down-column transport from the surface water to the ocean depths. Faecal material