AUTOMOTIVE MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING METHODS3.pptVIP

85-500-01Structure and Deformation in Materials Dr. W. Altenhof, P. Eng. Department of Mechanical, Automotive and Materials Engineering * * Engineering Materials Large selection of materials for supporting loads. Metals and alloys Polymers Ceramics and glasses Composites * Bonding in Solid Materials Primary bonding types in solids are: Ionic Covalent Metallic Ionic Bonding ? Involves the transfer of electrons between atoms ? Non-directional as transfer of electrons generate “stable configurations” ? NaCl (Na+ + Cl- → NaCl) Covalent Bonding ? Sharing of electrons (in outer shell) between atoms ? Due to sharing of electrons atoms orientate themselves accordingly for electrostatic charge → strongly directional behaviour results (molecule chains) ? H2O, polyethylene [C2H4]n, carbon Metallic Bonding ? Atoms donate outer shell electrons to form a cloud or sea of electrons that are shared by all atoms ? Intermetallic compounds (in alloys) involving metals and alloying agents typically illustrate a combination of metallic and ionic or covalent types ? Steel, aluminum alloys * Crystalline Structure of Materials Metals, ceramics, polymers → crystal structure Metals and ceramics are polycrystals, in which each grain is a crystal with its own particular orientation. Polymers may have molecule chains arranged in a regular pattern, in which case their structure is considered crystalline (amorphous structure can also exist for polymers) Primitive cubic (rare) BCC (chromium, iron, Mo, Na, W,…) FCC (Al, Pb, Cu, Ni,…) HCP (Mg, Be, Zn,..) * Defects in Crystals Polycrystalline solids are not perfect structures but exhibit different types of defects: Point defects Line defects (dislocations) Surface defects Grain boundaries Lattice planes change orientation by a large angle Twin boundary Lattice planes are mirror images of each other 3D defects Precipitates (second phase particles) Inclusions (oxides, sulfides etc.) Point defects Line defects * Elastic Deformation of Materials A