Chapter 1 Introduction to Catalysis.pptx

Introduction to CatalysisWang, BoCatalysis in the Chemical IndustryHydrogen Industry(coal,NH3,methanol, FT, HDS, fuel cell).Natural gas processing (SR,ATR,WGS,POX)Petroleum refining (FCC, HDS, HCr, REF)Petrochemicals(monomers, bulk chemicals).Fine Chemicals(pharma, agrochem, fragrance, textile, coating, surfactants, laundry etc)Environmental Catalysis(autoexhaust, deNOx)The Nobel Prize for Chemistry was awarded in the field of catalysis in 2001, 2005, 2007, and 2010What is a “Catalyst”A catalyst is a substance that accelerates the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being transformed or consumed by the reaction.k(T) = k0e-Ea/RTEa′ Eak0′ k0k′ kΔG = ΔGEaEa′A + BA + B +catalystΔGΔGCC + catalystuncatalyzedcatalyzedCatalysts Open Up New Reaction PathwaysFeatures of CatalystsInvolved in the reaction, but unchanged at the end of the reactionAccelerate the rate of a reactionEquilibrium constant no changeSelectivity-catalyze specific reactionsFouling(Types of Catalysts – Homogeneous vs. HeterogeneousZeolite catalystCatalyst powdersHomogeneous catalysisSingle phase(Typically liquid)Low temperatureSeparations are trickyHeterogeneous catalysisMultiphase(Mostly solid-liquid and solid-gas)High temperatureDesign and optimization trickyTypes of Catalysts - EnzymesThe “Gold Standard” of catalystsHighly specificHighly selectiveHighly efficientCatalyze very difficult reactionsN2 ? NH3CO2 + H2O ? C6H12O6Works better in a cell than in a 100000 l reactorTriosephosphateisomerase“TIM”Cytochrome C OxidaseHighly tailored “active sites”Often contain metal atomsTypes of Catalysts – Organometallic ComplexesPerhaps closest man has come to mimicking nature’s success2005 Noble Prize in ChemistryWell-defined, metal-based active sitesSelective, efficient manipulation of organic functional groupsVarious forms, especially for polymerization catalysisDifficult to generalize beyond organic transformationsPolymerization:Termination:Types of Catalysts: Crystalline Microporous CatalystsRegular cr