水稻高产育种研究(精选).docVIP

水稻高产育种研究 叶苗 （华中农业大学植物科学技术学院 作物专硕班 2014301120022） 摘要：水稻作为世界上最重要的粮食作物之一，其产量一直关系着世界粮食安全。20世纪50年代开始的水稻矮化育种是由于sd1基因的缺失降低了水稻株高，使得水稻抗倒性增强，从而极大程度地提高了水稻产量，引发了第一次“绿色革命”。20世纪70年代由于野败型细胞质的发现和三系配套技术的完成，培育了一大批具有杂种优势的杂交水稻，水稻单产实现了第二次飞跃。然而，水稻产量经过两次飞跃后一直停滞不前。为了实现水稻单产的第三次飞跃，科学家们开展了超级稻育种。超级稻育种理论主要有IRRI的新株型、广东农科院的半矮秆丛生早长新株型、沈阳农业大学的直立穗型、袁隆平院士的“禾下叶”株型及四川农业大学的重穗型理论。经过多年努力，已经形成了具有重要导向作用的理想株型与优势利用相结合的理论，还初步建立起适于不同稻作生态区的超级稻育种理论，并设计出与之相应的株型模式。 关键词：水稻高产；绿色革命；杂交水稻；理想株型；超级稻 Research of Rice Breeding for High Yield YE Miao (College of plant science and technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 2014301120022) Abstract: Rice, as one of the most important staple food on the earth, which’s productivity is vital important for ensuring world’s food security. From 1950s, scientists has successively bred a series of semi-dwarf rices, which lack of the sd1 gene, result in low rice plant, enhanced rice’s lodging resistance, then boosted the yield, initiated the Green Revolution . In 1970s, with the discovery of wild abortive cytoplasmic and the accomplishment of three line hybrid matching, scientists bred a lot of hybrid cultivars, which have strong heterosis. However, after these two leaps, rice yield has been remain stagnant for a loog time. In order to increase the rice yield again, scientists started super rice breeding. Super rice breeding theories, including IRRI’s new type plant theory, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences’ semi-dwarf and early growth new plant theory, Shenyang Agricultural University’s erect head theory, Yuan Longping’s super rice theory and Sichuan Agricultural University’s heavy-panicle theory. After many years’ hard working, our nation has formed the important theory of collaborating the ideal plant type and use of heterosis. Moreover, we have established the theory of develop super rice cultivars suit to different regions, and designed corresponding plant type. Key words: high yield rice; Green Revolution; hybrid rice; ideal type; super rice 1 水稻高产育种的必要性 联合国统计数据表明，到