15肥料经济学--肥料分配和销售之一----经济体系.docVIP

肥料分配和销售之一----经济体系 W.KeirhHead,P.Ag.Head Assocuates有限公司 尼帕温，萨斯卡彻温 加拿大 SOEIEO 　　常常被谈到的有两种主要经济体系：l）市场（或自由企业）经济；2）指令性（或中央计划）经济。　　It is common to speak of two main economic systems, the Market (or free enterprise) Economy and the Command (or centrally planned) Economy.　　所谓的市场经济是指个体消费者和生产者（与政府区别开来）的决策能对资源的分配产生决定性的影响。 　　A market economy is an economy in which the decisions of individual consumers and producers (as distinct from the government) exert the major influence over the allocation of resources.　　指令性经济是这样一种经济，有关资源的分配主要由政府决定，个体消费者的需求和个体生产者的生产量由命令决定。 　　A Command Economy is an economy in which the major decisions concerning the allocation of resources are made by the government and in which individual consumers and producers consume and produce as they are ordered.　　尽管这两种经济体系有明确的定义。但没有一种经济完全依赖市场经济或指令性经济。在现实生活中，没有单一经济，所有经济都是混合的，在某种程度上带有两种经济成分，有些决策是消费者、生产者来决定而政府通过市场起作用，而另一些决策是政府利用指令性经济原理来决定。　　Although these are the two defined economic systems, no real economies rely solely on either free markets or commands. In practice all economies are Mixed Economies in the sense that some decisions are made by consumers, producers and the government acting through the markets, and some are made by the government using the command principle.　　例如，在加拿大经济中的大多数生产资本和所生产的商品是私人拥有。按这个标准来衡量，加拿大的经济是市场经济。但是，就是在加拿大，公共财产除了包括学校、医院和地方运输网等基本服务设施外，公有制还参与其它经济活动，如电力设施、通信和居屋计划。　　In Canada, for example, the productive assets and the goods produced in the economy are predominantly privately owned. By this standard, Canada is considered a market economy. However, even in Canada public ownership extends beyond the usual basic services such as schools, hospitals, and local transportation systems to include other activities such as electrical power utilities, communications, and housing projects.　　在指令性经济中，生产设施以公有制为主，目标、配额和各种指令是决策过程主要的方面，但市场规律依然对其产生影响。例如，人们在购买各种零售商品时将非常谨慎地花钱。　　In command economies the productive assets are predominantly publicly owned and targets, quotas, and directi