3.Arthrology.ppt

Arthrology 关节学 Classification There are two major types of articulations or joint. Continuous joints 直接连结 Fibrous joints 纤维连结: bones are united by fibrous connective tissue Syndesmosis 韧带连结 Suture 缝 Cartilaginous joints 软骨连结: bones are united by cartilage Synchondrosis 透明软骨结合: bones are united by hyaline cartilage Symphysis 纤维软骨联合: bones are united by fibrocartilage Synosteosis 骨性结合 Discontinuous joints 间接连结－synovial joints 滑膜关节 Synovial joints 滑膜关节 Basic structures Articular surface关节面: covered by articular cartilage 关节软骨 Articular capsule 关节囊 Fibrous membrane纤维膜 Synovial membrane 滑膜 Articular cavity关节腔: containing a trace of synovial fluid; subatmospheric pressure in it Accessory structures Ligaments韧带(lig.): extra- and intracapsular ligaments 囊外(内)韧带 Articular disc关节盘 and articular labrum 关节唇: Synovial fold滑膜襞 and synovial bursa滑膜囊 Terms movements of joints关节运动术语 Translation 移动 Flexion and extension 屈和伸 Adduction and abduction 收和展 Rotation 旋转 Medial and lateral rotation 旋内和旋外 Pronation and supination旋前和旋后 Inversion and eversion 足内翻和足外翻 Circumduction 环转 Classification of synovial joints关节的分类 Uniaxial joints单轴关节: hinge joints 屈戍关节 trochoid (pivot) joints车轴关节 Biaxial joints双轴关节: ellipsoid joints 椭圆关节 saddle joints 鞍状关节 Multiaxial joints多轴关节: ball-and-socket joint 球窝关节 plane joints 平面关节 Articulations of Bones of Trunk躯干骨的连结 The vertebral column脊柱 consists of 24 vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx. Joints of the vertebral bodies 椎体间的连结 Intervertebral discs 椎间盘 between bodies of adjacent vertebrae, composed of: Nucleus pulposus 髓核, an inner soft, pulpy, highly elastic structure (gelatinous core ) Annulus fibrosus纤维环 an outer fibrous ring consisting of fibrocartilage Hemiated of nucleus pulposus 髓核脱出 Anterior longitudinal ligament 前纵韧带 Strong band covering the anterior part of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs running from the anterior margin of foramen magnum to the S1~S2 Maintains stability of th