第三章翻译.docx

Chapter 3APPLICATION OF SUPPLY AND DEMANDHaving completed our introductory survey ,we began our study of microeconomics ,which is concerned with the behavior of individual markets that make up the economy. Individual markets contain most of the grand sweep and drama of economic history and the controversies of economic policy.Within the confines of microeconomics we will study the reasons for the vast disparities in earnings between neurosurgeons and textile workers.microeconomics is crucial to understanding why computers prices have fallen so dramatically and why the use of computers has expended exponentially.we cannot hope to understand the bitter debates about health care or the minimum wage without supplying the tools of supply and demand to these sectors .Even topics such as illegal drugs or crime and punishment are usefully illuminated by considering the way the demand for addictive substances differs from that for others commodities.完成我们的介绍性的调查后,我们开始我们的学习微观经济学,这是关心的行为个体经济市场组成。个人市场包含大部分的大扫描和戏剧的经济历史和经济政策，在微观经济学的范围的争议我们将学习神经外科医生之间的巨大收入差距的原因和纺织工作.微观经济学至关重要理解为什么电脑价格大幅下降,为什么电脑使用的消耗成指数分布.我们不能指望在没有为这些行业提供供给和需求的工具的情况下，去理解有关健康问题和最低工资的激烈讨论,例如非法贩卖毒品或犯罪的惩罚是有用的，被考虑的方式对上瘾的物质不同于其他商品的需求。Our survey of microeconomics will proceed in three parts .In this part, we focus on the behavior of product markets,the markets for all the goods and services that firms produce. We will examine where consumer demand comes from,how business make decisions,and how prices and profits efficiently coordinate the allocation of scarce economic resources in a perfectly competitive market.We will also examine the market failure that arise when monopolies or other forms of imperfect competitors domination industry.微观经济学的调查将进行三个部分在本部分中,我们专注于产品市场的行为,市场公司生产的所有商品和服务。我们将研究消费者需求从哪里来,业务决策如何,以及如何在一个完全竞争市场有效地协调价格和利润分配稀缺的经济资源。还将研究时出现垄断的市场失灵或其他形式的不完善竞争对手主导产业。Then in Part Three we turn to the study of product market,which are markets for factor of production such as labor,capital,and land.These critical markets a