英语演讲Paradox(悖论)解析.pptVIP

Paradox（悖论） New words: Paradox 悖论 Trolley 电车 Vat 缸 Lever 拉杆 Simulation 模拟 Metabolism 新陈代谢 Worlds top ten famous paradox The Trolley Problem (电车难题 ) The Ship of Theseus (特修斯之船 ) Brain in a Vat (缸中的大脑 ) The Trolley Problem（电车难题） A madman tied the five innocent people to the tramway. A runaway tram is coming to them.Fortunately, you can pull a lever to allow the tram to run to the other track. But that madman also tied a person on another track . So should you pull the lever ? 一个疯子把五个无辜的人绑在电车轨道上。一辆失控的电车朝他们驶来。幸运的是，你可以拉一个拉杆，让电车开到另一条轨道上。但是另一条轨道上也绑了一个人。考虑以上状况，你应该拉拉杆吗？? Analysis (解读) You may choose to pull the lever, to save the five people and kill a man. But once you pulled the lever, you would have to take the responsibility of the other mans death partly. However, this situation requires you to do something, if you dont,it will also be immoral. 你可能会选择拉拉杆，拯救五个人只杀死一个人。但是一旦拉了拉杆，你就要为另一条轨道上单独的一个人的死负部分责任。然而，你身处这种状况下就要求你要有所作为，你的不作为将会是同等的不道德。 Conclusion All in all, there is no completely moral behavior, that is the point. Many philosophers have used the trolley problem as an example to show the real-life situation often force a person against his own code of ethics, and there is no completely moral practice. 总之，不存在完全的道德行为，这就是重点所在。许多哲学家都用电车难题作为例子来表示现实生活中的状况经常强迫一个人违背他自己的道德准则，并且还存在着没有完全道德做法的情况。? The Ship of Theseus(特修斯之船)? Here comes a ship.Every time a piece of wood rot, it will be replaced.Until all those features are not the beginning. The question is, whether the ship is the original one ,or a completely different boat? If the boat is not the original, then when is it no longer the original boat? 有一艘船，只要一块木板腐烂了，它就会被替换掉，以此类推，直到所有的部件都不是最开始的那些了。问题是，最终的这艘船是否还是原来的那艘特修斯之船，还是一艘完全不同的船？如果不是，那么何时它不再是原来的船了？ Analysis (解读) The ship of Theseus was used to study the nature of identity. Especially when discussing whether an object is just equal to the sum of its components. For the human body, human body continuously carry on the m