自然法學傳統.pptVIP

自然法 楊智傑 格老秀斯 格老秀斯 Hugo Grotius (10 April 1583 – 28 August 1645), also known as Huig de Groot or Hugo de Groot, worked as a jurist in the Dutch Republic. With Francisco de Vitoria and Alberico Gentili he laid the foundations for international law, based on natural law. 荷蘭攔截了葡萄牙的商船 (On the Right of Capture). Grotius sought to ground his defense of the seizure in terms of the natural principles of justice. In this, he had cast a net much wider than the case at hand; his interest was in the source and ground of wars lawfulness in general. 為荷蘭航權辯護 格老秀斯的貢獻主要是在法律方面，特別是海洋法與國際合作方面。他主張公海是可以自由航行的，為荷蘭突破西班牙和英國對海權的壟斷提供理論基礎（《海洋自由論》）。 In The Free Sea (Mare Liberum, published 1609) Grotius formulated the new principle that the sea was international territory and all nations were free to use it for seafaring trade. Grotius, by claiming free seas, provided suitable ideological justification for the Dutch breaking up of various trade monopolies through its formidable naval power (and then establishing its own monopoly). 自然法 他的法律基礎是自然法。他把自然法與神學分家，聲稱：「即使我們假設那不可能的事——就是上帝不存在，或是祂不在乎人類之事」，自然法都將「保持其有效性」。他又說：「自然法是如此不可變的，甚至不能被上帝自己來改變」。 自然法若不是由上帝所決定的，那它的起源是什麼呢？格勞秀斯認為自然法的起源是人性。若是一個行動是合於人性，就被自然法所允許。若是不合，就不被允許。自然法若是基於人性，那麼人性的基本要求是什麼呢？人性的基本要求有兩方面；一是自我保存的慾求，一是對社會的需要。這兩種需求有時會矛盾，但自然法就要求人在這中間以理性來權衡。所以基於人的自我保存慾求，自然法要求人盡力追求自己的生存與豐富，但是基於人的社會性，自然法也要求人不可侵犯別人所擁有的。 On the Law of War and Peace: Three books De jure belli ac pacis libri tres (On the Law of War and Peace: Three books) was first published in 1625, dedicated to Grotius current patron, Louis XIII. The treatise advances a system of principles of natural law, which are held to be binding on all people and nations regardless of local custom. 戰爭法 Book I advances his conception of war and of natural justice, arguing that there are some circumstances in which war is justifiable. Book II identifies three just causes for war: self-defense, reparation of injury, and punishment; Grotius considers a wide variety of circumstances under which these rights of