2.2 Class-2.pptVIP

Object-Oriented Programming Efficiency and Robustness issues for classes and objects Contents Passing and Returning Objects by Reference Object Reference as const Parameters const Methods Overloading Methods to Handle Two Types of String Passing and Returning Objects by Reference Objects, like other variables, may be passed by reference to functions. Objects also may be returned by reference. Passing and Returning Objects by Reference Object Reference as const Parameters Object Reference as const Parameters Object Reference as const Parameters In general, if an object is passed by reference to a function that dose not change the object’s state by setting any of its data members, then the function’s parameter should be marked const. Object Reference as const Parameters const Methods（常方法） A method should be marked const if the method does not change an object’s data members either directly or indirectly (that is, by invoking other methods that change the object’s state). const Methods const Methods A const method can invoke only other const methods because a const method is not allowed to alter an object’s state either directly or indirectly. Three uses of const Three uses of const Overloading Methods Sample Application: A Time Stamp Class Sample Application: A Time Stamp Class Steps to solve problems: 根据题目要求确定需要创建的类； 确定每个类的数据成员和成员函数； 确定类中每个成员的访问控制； 实现每个成员函数的功能。 Sample Application: A Time Stamp Class Problem A time stamp is a value represents an instant in time. A time stamp can be used to record when an event occurs. Requirements: create a TimeStamp class Set a time stamp to record when an event occurs Print a time stamp as an integer Print a time stamp as a string Decompose a time stamp into a year, a month, a day, an hour, a minute, and a second so that these can be printed separately. Sample Application: A Time Stamp Class C++’s standard library ctime: time_t : C++ 定义的一个数据类型，实际上是long int. time_t time(time_t *timer): returns the number of seconds elapsed