机械专业科技外语.docx

科技外语第一章The word machine has been given a wide variety of definitions, but for the purpose of this article it is a device, having a unique purpose, that augments or replaces human or animal effort for the accomplishment of physical tasks. 人们给机器这个词下了各种各样的定义，但对本文来说，机器是具有某种独特用途的设备，用来节省或代替人力或畜力，以完成各种体力工作。 Tools may be regarded as the simplest class of machines. 工具可以看作是最简单的机器。The operation of a machine may involve the transformation of chemical, thermal, electrical, or nuclear energy into mechanical energy, or vice versa, or its function may simply be to modify and transmit forces and motions. 机器的作用可以包括把化学能、热能、电能或核能转换成机械能，或者反过来把机械能转换成其他几种能，或者作用仅仅是用来改变和传递力和运动。All machines have an input, an output, and a transforming or modifying and transmitting devices.所有的机器都有一个输入端，一个输出端，一个转换或变换装置和传递装置。Machines that receive their input energy from a natural source, such as air currents, moving water, coal, petroleum, or uranium, and transform it into mechanical energy are known as prime movers.从天然能源（例如气流、水流、煤、石油或铀）获得其输入能量，并将它转换成机械能的机器称为原动机。Windmills, waterwheels, turbines, steam engines, and internal-combustion engines are prime movers. In these machines the inputs vary; the outputs are usually rotating shafts capable of being used as inputs to other machines, such as electric generators, hydraulic pumps, or air compressors. 风车、水轮、汽轮机、蒸汽机和内燃机都是原动机。这些机器的输入端是各不相同的，而输出端则通常都是一根旋转的轴，它能用作其它机器（如发电机、液压泵或空气压缩机）的输入端。All three of the latter devices may be classified as generators; their outputs of electrical, hydraulic, and pneumatic energy can be used as inputs to electric, hydraulic, or air motors. These motors can be used to drive machines with a variety of outputs, such as materials processing, packaging, or conveying machinery. 所有这后三种装置都可归类为发生机，它们产生的电能、液能或气能能够分别用作电动机、液动机或气动机的输入端。这些发动机能用来驱动带有各种输出端的机器，诸如材料加工机、包装机或输送机。All machines that are neither prime movers, generators nor motors may be classified as operators. This category also includes manually operated instruments of all kinds, such as calc