被动语态专讲、定语从句专讲概要.doc

被动语态专讲 一、引言 汉语中对于被动语态的使用简直是小菜一碟，想必大家初次接触到“把”字句、“被”字句时大都不屑一顾。很少有人主动把中文主被动的转换当作大碍。但英文中因为动词时态的复杂，在转换成被动语态时自然容易搅得人头昏脑胀。事实上我们经常用到的一些口语句型就是被动结构，如“Well done”、“The plane’s been delayed 10 minutes”等等。如何对付被动语态，本文正是对症下药的良方一剂。 二、语态概述 语态是动词的一种形式，表示主语和谓语的关系。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，即是主语在做这个动作；而被动语态则表示主语是动作的承受者，即动作的对象，此时，主语是动作的逻辑宾语。例如： My uncle repaired the TV set yesterday. 昨天我叔叔修理了那台电视机。 The TV set was repaired (by my uncle) yesterday. 那台电视机昨天被(我叔叔)修理了。 三、被动语态的构成 ?? 被动语态是由“be动词+(及物动词)过去分词”构成。若要特别强调动作或行为的执行者时，句子后边需接by…，译为“被(由)……”。不同时态的被动语态主要体现在助动词be的变化上，同时助动词be还要在人称和数上与主语保持一致。现已及物动词do为例，其各种时态的被动结构形式如下表所示： 时 态 结 构 形 式 ※ 一般现在时 am / is / are + done ※ 一般过去时 was / were + done 现在进行时 am / is / are + being done 过去进行时 was / were + being done ※ 现在完成时 have / has + been done 过去完成时 had + been done ※ 一般将来时 shall / will + be done；am / is / are going to + be done 过去将来时 would + be done；was / were going to + be done ※ 含有情态动词 情态动词 + be done 四、被动语态的用法 用 法 示 例 不知道谁是动作的执行者，省略by短语。 ①—Look! What an old palace! It looks so great! —Yeah, it ________________ (建造)nearly 800 years ago. ②—Did you go to the his birthday party yesterday? —No, I __________________ (not invite). 没有必要说、不想说或众所周知动作的执行者，省略by短语。 ①Drivers shouldn’t ________________ (允许) drive after drinking, or they will break the law. ②The Chinese mainland pandas, Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan, ________________ (送) Taiwan on December 23rd, 2008. 强调动作的承受者，句尾加by短语。 ①Thousands of houses ________________ (destroy) by the floods in Guangxi last month. ②Haibao was __________ (设计) by two artists, one from Shanghai and the other from Taiwan. 在上下文中，为了使句子间连接紧密。 I have a new motorbike. It was __________ (give) to me as a birthday present by my father. 在新闻报道中，为了表明报道的客观性而避免主观性的透露。 A car accident happened on the high way this morning. Three men ____________ (kill), the wounded ____________ (take) away to hospital at once and the policemen ____________ (send) there to cope with the event. 在科技论文中，强调客观事实。 ①When it is cold enough, water will _______