2 Basic Facilities.pptVIP

2.1 stream I/O 2.2 Constant The keyword const express notion that a value does not change directly. A constant must be initialized. 2.3 References A reference is an alternative name for an object. X 2.4 Function Declarations Elem* next_elem(); char* strcpy(char* to, const char* from); void exit(int); double sqrt(double); // a declaration double sqrt(double s) // a definition { // } double sr1=sqrt(2); 2.5 Inline Function #include iostream.h inline int d(int x){return x*2;} void main( ) { for (int i = 1; i3; i++) coutd(i)endl; coutd(1+2)endl; } Note： 1 内联函数可以在一开始仅声明一次 2 内联函数必须在被调用之前声明或定义 3 只适用于小函数，不能有递归，switch，while等复杂语句 2.6 Overloaded Function Names Using the same name for operations on different types is called overloading. A set of criteria are tried in order: [1] Exact match; [2] Match using promotions; bool to int char to int short to int float to double [3] Match using standard conversions; int to double double to int double to long double T* to void* derived* to Base* int to unsigned int [4] Match using user-defined conversions; [5] Match using the ellipsis(…) in a function declaration; void print(int); void print(const char*) void print(double); void print(long); void print(char); void h(char c,int i,short s,float f) { print(c); print(i); print(s); print(f); print(‘a’); print(49); print(0); print(“a”); } 2.7 Default Arguments A default argument is type checked at the time of the function declaration and evaluated at the time of the call. The declaration of default arguments void point(int =3, int=4); //declaration void point(int x,int y) //definition { } 2.8 Namespaces A namespace is a mechanism for expressing logical grouping, that is, if some declarations logically belong together according to some criteria, they can be put in a common namespace to express that fact. * 2 Basic facilities -