lecture 1 Origin of Pragmatics.pptVIP

Definition 2: Pragmatics is the study of all those aspects of meaning not captured in a semantic theory. 语用学是对所有那些未能纳入语义理论的意义的研究。 Definition 3: Pragmatics is the study of the relations between language and context that are basic to an account of language understanding. 语用学是对语言和语用之间对于说明语言理解来说是十分根本的那些关系的研究。 Definition 4: Pragmatics is the study of the ability of language users to pair sentences with the contexts in which they would be appropriate. 语用学是对语言使用者把句子和使这些句子得以合适的语境相匹配的能力的研究。 Definition 5: Pragmatics is the study of deixis ( at least in part), implicature, presupposition, speech acts, and aspects of discourse structure. 语用学是对指示（ 至少是其中的一部分）、含义、前提、言语行为以及话语结构各个侧面的研究。 Definition 6: Pragmatics is the study of linguistic acts and the contexts in which they are performed.( Stalnakeer, 1972:383 ) 语用学是对语言行为以及实施这些行为的语境所作的研究。 definition 7: Pragmatics is a theory which seeks to characterise how speakers use the sentences of a language to effect successful communication.( Kempson, 1975:84 ) 语用学是一种旨在描述说话人如何使用一种语言的句子来达到成功的交际的理论。 Definition 8: Pragmatics is the study of language use and linguistic communication.( Akmajian, 1979:267 ) 语用学是对语言的使用和语言交际进行的研究。 Definition 9: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how utterances have meanings in situations.( Leech, 1983:x ) 对语用学可以这样定义：它是对话语怎样在情景中获得意义的研究。 Meaning and Context---the two basic concepts in the study of Pragmatics Meaning Semantics regards meaning as the innate property of the language proper. The property is innate, fixed, and stable, not subject to the influence of external interferences. For example, “dog” in English or “狗” in Chinese refers to a particular kind of animal in whatever situations. Formal semanticists are concerned with the truth value (真值）of the semantic proposition (语义命题）of a declarative sentence or a statement and with the conditions that have to be satisfied in the truth value judgement. For example, “ It is cold in here.” For formal semanticists, it simply expresses the semantic propo