princ-ch10外部性讲述.pptVIP

外部性 * 为什么私人解决方法并不总是有效 1. 交易成本： 各方在达成协议与遵守协议过程中所发生的成本，这些成本可能最终使双方达不成对双方都有利的结果 2. 固执： 即使协议对双方都是有利的，双方也可能不会达成协议，而是等待一个对自己更好的交易 3. 协调问题：当利益各方人数众多时，协调各方变得成本高昂，困难，甚至不可能 内容提要 当市场交易影响第三方的福利时，会产生外部性。如果一项活动产生了负外部性，例如污染，市场的社会最适量将小于均衡量。如果一项活动产生了正外部性，例如技术溢出效应，社会最适量将大于均衡量  * 内容提要 有时，人们靠自己来解决外部性问题。科斯定理说，如果人们能够无成本地谈判，那么，私人市场总可以达成一个资源有效配置的协议。在实际情况中，在许多利益各方间达成协议是高成本或者困难的，科斯定理并不适用 * 内容提要 政府用各种政策来解决外部性问题。政府可以通过矫正税来使外部性内部化，也可以通过可交易的污染许可证市场。这些政策能够比直接管制更低的社会成本来保护环境 * This chapter is slightly below average in length, and, for most students, in difficulty. For variety, this PowerPoint presentation uses different examples from the textbook in its analysis of externalities. * For many students, the concepts are easier to learn in the context of a specific example with numerical values. Note that maximizing consumer + producer surplus is NOT the same as maximizing TOTAL surplus when the trades impose external costs (or benefits) on bystanders. * “At any Q 20, value of additional gas exceeds social cost.” For example, at Q = 10, the value to buyers of an additional gallon equals $4, while the social cost is only $2. Therefore, total surplus (society’s well-being) would increase with a larger quantity of gas. “At any Q 20, social cost of the last gallon is greater than its value.” For example, at Q = 25 - the market equilibrium - the last gallon cost $3.50 (including the external cost) but the value of it to buyers was only $2.50. Hence, total surplus would be higher if Q were lower. Only at Q = 20 is society’s welfare maximized. * The parenthetical remark at the bottom of the slide follows from a lesson in Chapter 6: tax incidence and the allocation of resources is the same whether a tax is imposed on buyers or sellers. * The textbook explains that a better educated population makes more informed voting decisions and elects higher quality lawmakers and leaders. * Since you have just walked students through the analysis of a negative externality, let’s see i