中国哲学与宗教 Chinese Philosophy and Religion_图文.pptVIP

Chinese Philosophy and Religion Units 12 13 I. Confucianism 儒家 Confucius ( Kong Zi) (551-479BC) Mencius ( Meng Zi) (372-289BC) Xun Zi ( Xun Kuang; Xun Qing; Sun Qing) (310-230BC) --He declared that human nature is originally evil because human desires inevitably lead to greed and strife if left untrained.---Everything should be in its proper order, and every man should be true to his name and act accordingly.---There is government, when the prince is prince, and the minister is minister; when the father is father, and the son is son. ---People are on the top of priority, with state following, then comes the monarch.(民为贵，社稷次之，君为轻） Confucius ( Kong Zi) Mencius ( Meng Zi) Xun Zi The development of confucianism The development of Confucianism The development of Confucianism II. Taoism(or Daoism ) 道家 Lao Tzu (Lao Zi) (around 571-471 BC) Zhuang Zi (around 369-286/275 BC) ---Each thing or everyone should nourish, follow and develop its or his own nature which is the virtue obtained from the Way, and thus finds the due happiness and freedom. --- He searched a way to avoid the constant feudal warfare and other social conflict during his time ---He emphasized individual freedom and condemned all laws, morals, institutions, and governments, which were created to establish uniformity and suppress difference. Zhuang Zi Lao Zi III. Mohism 墨家 Mo Zi (around 476/480--390/420 BC） IV. Legalism/the legalists 法家 Han Fei （around 280--233 BC) * ---He advocated universal love to replace partiality (graded love). ---He exalted frugality and opposed all forms of extravagance. ---He insisted all men acted from motives of selfishness and self-profit, and so showed caiculating minds toward one another. ---He condemned agressive warfare. ---He firmly believed in the existence of the spirits. ---Humanity means different grades of love. ---Huma