城市经济学-东北财经大学2.pptVIP

urban economics Chapter 1 basic issue in development of cites Why Do Cities Exist? Where Do Cities Develop? How Many Cities? Why Do Cities Exist? Comparative advantage Internal scale economies Agglomerative economies Comparative advantage 服装 服装 P P A ′ F B′ C 0 A P 食品 0 B P 食品 Figure 1 生产者的比较优势分析 Internal scale economies Definiens Reasons Factor specialization Indivisible inputs Market area Agglomerative economies Localization economies Scale economies in intermediate inputs Labor-market pooling Knowledge spillovers Where do the clusters develop The incubator process Urbanization economies Agglomerative economies in marketing: shopping externalities Figure 2：benefits and costs of labor pooling Where Do Cities Develop? Commercial firms and trading cities Transfer-oriented industrial firms Resource-oriented firms Market-oriented firms The principle of median location Firms oriented toward local inputs Commercial firms and trading cities Location at transshipment points （ports, crossroads, railroad junctions, river junctions） Business services （banking, insurance, bookkeeping, machine repair, auction sale） Transfer-oriented industrial firms Four assumptions ⊿Single output ⊿Single transferable input ⊿Fixed-factor proportions ⊿Fixed prices Resource-oriented firms资源导向型企业 Monetary weight = (physical weight of the input) ·(transportation rate) Market-oriented firms市场导向型企业 Weight-gaining activity Intermediate location Terminal costs Line-haul economies Total transport costs for a resource-oriented firm Total transport costs for a market-oriented firm principle of median location Location choice with multiple markets Median location and growth of cities Transshipment points and