ppt课件-土木工程测量 （土木工程测量）（ civil engineering surveying（ civil engineering surveying））.pptVIP

Civil Engineering Surveying Prepaid by: 140670106083 140670106002 Planning A Survey Planning requires a well rounded understanding of surveying practices Process: Choice of accuracy required (depends on use to be made) Basic Control Topographic Photogrammetry Planning A Survey Existing Control Search records for existing control in area Illinois Geological Survey – Urbana, IL National Geodetic Survey – Rolla, MO or Rockville, Maryland Reconnaissance: Search Procedure: Description often dated Can use GPS receiver (Lat. And Long) Probe, detectors – often problems - brass Planning A Survey Choice of Instruments and Methods Depends on availability, location, existing features, and accuracy Computation and Drafting Accuracy and Errors Accuracy depends on: Precise instruments Precise Methods Good Planning Example: Angle turned with theodolite, pointed with care; readings checked thus good precision. Angle’s of 2-3” expected, real results angle’s 15” = accuracy Errors 3 Types Blunders Systematic Error Accidental Error Blunder is a mistake, to help eliminate: Every value to be recorded must be checked by some independent field observation Errors Once check indicates that there is no blunder, field record must never be changed or destroyed An overall check must be applied to every control survey. Make as many overall checks as possible. Errors Systematic Error – an error that under the same conditions will always be of same size and sign. Basic Rules to Eliminate: All surveying equipment must be designed and used so that whenever possible systematic errors will be eliminated automatically Systematic error which can not be eliminated must be evaluated and their relationship to conditions that cause them must be determined. Example: Temperature Corrections Errors Accidental Errors – (random errors) represent the limit of precision in the determination of a value Corrected be laws of probability Compass Rule and Least Squares Hydrographic Surveys Surveys and mappi