g l s100 lab– topographic maps part i（g l s100实验室–地形图一）.docVIP

GLS100 Lab - Topography and HydrologyWhy do Peabody and Salem Flood? Goal: The goal of this lab is to learn how to read contour maps and to use them as an aid to understanding landscape and environmental problems. Objectives: Determine elevation from contours Define local relief Approximate area using the UTM grid Describe how lithology, structure, and glaciation influence landscape development Locate and determine the orientation of streams and drainage basins Determine the direction of runoff from topography Explain the hydrologic equation and its significance Approximate the groundwater table and direction of groundwater flow from ponds, lakes, and swamps Identify natural and anthropogenic factors that promote flooding Discuss the effects of urbanization on stream flow Identify areas of poor drainage Evaluate and explain the causes of persistent flooding in Peabody Center and Canal Street, Salem Introduction to Topographic Maps Map reading and interpretation is a required skill for all geologists. Field geologists must be able to accurately locate data points and make interpretations. A well-trained geologist should be able to read the landscape and identify significant features such as gravel-bearing deposits, faults, landslides, drainage basins and flood plains from contour maps. What is a Topographic map? Topographic maps illustrate 3-D topography on a 2-D sheet of paper. Topography can be represented either by shading or contouring elevation data. Shaded relief maps are easier to visualize, but less detailed and harder to plot and retrieve data from than contour maps. In this lab you will learn to read contour maps and make a number of interpretations addressing environment problem in the Salem area. Terms Contour: a line connecting points of equal elevation. Contour interval: The elevation difference between contours Map Scale: The length on the map that is equal to a given distance on the ground. Elevation: height above mean sea level. Relie