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World Food Programme Southern Africa Regional Office Vulnerability Analysis Concepts, Indicators Measurements A VAM/Programme Training Document March 1999 Maputo/ MozambiqueGeneral Background and introduction Content of the Session This session covers key issues of food security and vulnerability analysis. The topics are organised as follows: Key conceptual issues of food security and vulnerability analysis; Introductory note to Food Systems (food economies); Coping strategies, relevance and measurement; Vulnerability indicators/ measurements; Targeting the vulnerable group/ areas Needs Assessment 2. Workshop Objectives Help participants to revisit concepts and measurement of vulnerability analysis in context of WFP/ partners’ priorities; Identify/ discuss the relevance the food system /food economies for specific operational areas; Describe coping strategies of population under stress conditions; Revisit key aspects of food security indicators and methods of measurement for targeting, monitoring and evaluation; Introduce criteria for targeting beneficiaries for WFP interventions; Introduce methods and instruments for needs assessment under different conditions;  SESSION ONE Livelihood Security and Vulnerability: Concept and Measurement Issues Key Questions What are Food Security, nutritional security and livelihood security? Why is Food Security and vulnerability analysis so important for welfare institutions? What makes Food Security (FS) different from development interventions? Over head - nutritional security model: Box 1 The Causes of Malnutrition Definitions of Food Security For the purpose of this training we will review three definitions. World Bank definition of Food Security (1986). Food Security is defined as access by all people at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life. Food Insecurity is defined as lack of access to enough food. Chambers definition of Sustainable