LiveAttenuatedBacterialVaccinesinAquaculture.docVIP

Live Attenuated Bacterial Vaccines in Aquaculture Phillip Klesius and Julia Pridgeon U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Laboratory, 990 Wire Road, Auburn, Alabama 36832 水产养殖中的活性弱毒疫苗 Phillip Klesius Julia Pridgeon 美国农业部农业研究服务中心水生动物病害研究实验室 地址：990 Wire Road, Auburn, Alabama 36832 目前，在世界范围内，水产养殖业已经成为农业经济中的一个重要的组成部分。阻碍水产养殖业增长的一个最重要的因素就是传染性疾病，它给水产养殖业带来了巨大的经济损失。目前，已报道的致病菌种类已经多达20多个属。细菌性传染病爆发的几率是相当高的，特别是在高密度和循环水养殖系统中。预防这类疾病发生的最有效的方法是接种疫苗。这是保证养殖经济鱼类健康的一种不可或缺的重要措施。活性弱毒疫苗已经非常成功的广泛应用于预防动物与人类的多种疾病。活性弱毒疫苗能天然的模仿宿主与病原菌之间的相互作用，这就可以有效的激活宿主相应的免疫系统。因此最有效的预防鱼类细菌性传染疾病爆发的措施就是接种活性弱毒疫苗。此外，这种疫苗还具有生产成本低，运输简捷以及保护性长久等优点。下面将会讨论这类疫苗的生物安全性，保护性的强弱，经济价值，生产和运输方法，以及一些潜在的活性弱毒疫苗。 Biosecurity Aquaculture is emerging as an important economical agribusiness, worldwide. Disease outbreaks cause severe economic losses in aquaculture production and trade. Currently, it is not possible to properly quantify the dollars losses, but disease loss estimates in Asian countries amount to more than $3 billion annually1. Furthermore, disease is being recognized as a primary constraint on the economic development of some countries. In addition to mortality and morbidity, disease causes reduced slaughter value, growth performance and feed conversion in fish. Other costs associated with disease are money spent to purchase chemicals and drugs to combat diseases. A variety of pathogens are responsible for infectious diseases including viruses, parasites, fungi and bacteria. Among them, bacteria pathogens account for majority of diseases in warm water aquaculture. Bacterial species of more than 20 genera have been reported as causes of diseases. Prominent Gram negative pathogens include species of Aeromonas, Edwardsiella, Flavobacterium, Francisella, Pasteurella, Piscirickettsia, Pseudomonas, Vibrio and Yersinia. Species of Lactococcus, Reinbacterium, Streptococcus are examples of Gram positive pathogens while Mycobacterium is a Gram resistant p