PhysicsI-Chap15.pptVIP

Review More Applications Prof. WAN, Xin xinwan@ /~xinwan/ Moments of Joy 我的竺院寄语 今日的大学课堂内外正在发生颠覆性的变革。知识的获得变得平庸，上课时学生就可以通过无线网络搜索直接满足跳跃性思维的需求，课后更可以自由地去探索去加强和补充课堂的教学内容。课上和课下的界限即将消除，学习和研究的差别正在缩小，教师和学生的位置也开始模糊。重要的不是学过了什么，而是学到了什么，是 从只会做功课的孩子成长为会思考的人。 A Macroscopic Review For any process For reversible process For irreversible process This limits the maximum work we can extract from a certain process. Application 1: Available Work In a thermally isolated system at a constant T |W| = DF is the minimum amount of work to increase the free energy of a system by DF, at a constant T. More Available Work Since PDV is free at a constant P |Wother| = DG is the minimum amount of other work (chemical, electrical, etc.) needed to increase the Gibbs free energy of a system by DG, at a constant T and a constant P. Electrolysis Electrolysis The amount of heat (at room temperature and atmosphere) you would get out if you burned a mole of hydrogen (inverse reaction) Electrolysis Electrolysis Fuel Cell (Reverse Process) Fuel Cell (Reverse Process) Fuel Cell (Reverse Process) Geometrical Interpretation Surface U = U(S, V) App. 2: Thermodynamic Identities Consider an arbitrary gas with equation of state p = p(T,V). Introducing Free Energy Introduce free energy F = U - TS Van der Waals Gas Equation of state Van der Waals Isotherms Application 3: Phase Boundaries Superfluid Helium Can Climb Walls Clausius-Clapeyron Relation Along the phase boundary, the Gibbs free energies in the two phases must equal to each other. Clausius-Clapeyron Relation Along the liquid-gas phase boundary Along the solid-liquid boundary A Microscopic Review Boltzmann’s formula Suppose we are interested in one particular molecule in an isolated gas. The total number of the microstates (with the known molecule state r v) is related to the possible states of the rest of the molecules. A Microscopic Review Thermodynamic identity Total energy is conserved. A Microscopic Review Thermodynamic identity