POSTHOCTESTS-ImperialCollegeLondon.pptVIP

POST HOC TESTS When we get a significant F test result in an ANOVA test for a main effect of a factor with more than two levels, this tells us we can reject Ho i.e. the samples are not all from populations with the same mean. We can use post hoc tests to tell us which groups differ from the rest. POST HOC TESTS There are a number of tests which can be used. SPSS has them in the ONEWAY and General Linear Model procedures SPSS does post hoc tests on repeated measures factors, within the Options menu Sample data Choice of post-hoc test There are many different post hoc tests, making different assumptions about equality of variance, group sizes etc. The simplest is the Bonferroni procedure Bonferroni Test first decide which pairwise comparisons you will wish to test (with reasonable justification) get SPSS to calculate t-tests for each comparison set your significance criterion alpha to be .05 divided by the total number of tests made Bonferroni test repeated measures factors are best handled this way ask SPSS to do related t-tests between all possible pairs of means only accept results that are significant below .05/k as being reliable (where k is the number of comparisons made) PLANNED COMPARISONS/ CONTRASTS It may happen that there are specific hypotheses which you plan to test in advance, beyond the general rejection of the set of null hypotheses PLANNED COMPARISONS For example: a) you may wish to compare each of three patient groups with a control group b) you may have a specific hypothesis that for some subgroup of your design c) you may predict that the means of the four groups of your design will be in a particular order PLANNED COMPARISONS Each of these can be tested by specifying them beforehand - hence planned comparisons. The hypotheses should be orthogonal - that is independent of each other PLANNED COMPARISONS To compute the comparisons, calculate a t-test, taking the difference in means and dividing by the standard error as estimated fro