Cleavageandblastula.ppt

* 5. The formation of new cell membrane Part from the expansion of old egg membrane. Part from the new synthesis. * * Biol Reprod. 2012 Translation of incenp During Oocyte Maturation Is Required for Embryonic Development in Xenopus laevis. Leblond GG, Sarazin H, Li R, Suzuki M, Ueno N, Liu XJ. * * * 6. Mid-blastula transition（中囊胚过渡） Maternal control Zygotic control 1 * As the maternal cytoplasmic components are used up, the zygotic nuclei begins to synthesize the regulators responsible for early development. This maternal-zygotic transition（母型-合子型过渡）is called MZT or MBT (mid-blastula transition). * Some new phenomena during MZT: G1 and G2 are added to the cell cycle, the division becomes slowly. The synchronicity of cell division is lost. New mRNAs are transcribed for following development. * Curr Biol. 2013 Jan 21;23(2):R65-7. Development: new wrinkles on genetic control of the MBT. Lasko P. Comment on Mechanism and regulation of Cdc25/Twine protein destruction in embryonic cell-cycle remodeling. [Curr Biol. 2013] Posttranslational control of Cdc25 degradation terminates Drosophilas early cell-cycle program. [Curr Biol. 2013] Number of nuclear divisions in the Drosophila blastoderm controlled by onset of zygotic transcription. [Curr Biol. 2013] * The mid-blastula transition * (A) The existing regulatory model of the mid-blastula transition in Drosophila embryos. In response to signals from the nucleo-cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio and the DNA damage and replication checkpoint pathway (Chk1), and dependent upon zygotic transcription, maternal string and twine mRNAs are degraded, resulting in lower levels of String and Twine proteins. As a result, mitotic cycles lengthen with the addition of the G2 phase and cellularization proceeds. (B) A revised model points to a central role for Twine (and not for String) and indicates that zygotic transcription of genes controlled by Vfl, and of tribbles, results in rapid degradation of maternal Twine, leading to remodeling of the c