ControlofProkaryoticGeneExpression.ppt

Figure 10.46 Increase in osmolarity activates EnvZ, which activates OmpR, which induces transcription of micF and ompC (not shown). micF RNA(174nt) is complementary to the 5’-region of ompF mRNA and prevents its translation. Figure 10.45 Antisense RNA can affect function or stability of an RNA target. 1）调控翻译的起始； 2）调控RNA的稳定性； 3）调控转录的终止。 Figure 10.48 Antisense RNA can be generated by reversing the orientation of a gene with respect to its promoter, and can anneal with the wild-type transcript to form duplex RNA. 反义RNA技术的应用： Synthesis of antisense RNA can inactivate a target RNA in either prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells. Artificial genes coding for antisense RNAs have been introduced into E. coli, where they prevent expression of the specific target genes to whose mRNAs they are complementary. This technique offers a powerful approach for turning off genes at will; for example, the function of a regulatory gene can be investigated by introducing an antisense version. An extension of this technique is to place the antisense gene under control of a promoter itself subject to regulation. Then the target gene can be turned off and on by regulating the production of antisense RNA. This technique allows investigation of the importance of the timing of expression of the target gene. 二、严谨反应（Stringent Response） Stringent response： When bacteria find themselves in such poor growth conditions that they lack a sufficient supply of amino acids to sustain protein synthesis, they shut down a wide range of activities. The stringent response causes the accumulation of two unusual nucleotides ppGpp and pppGpp.These nucleotides are typical small-molecule effectors that function by binding to target proteins to alter their activities. (p)ppGpp functions to regulate coordinately a large number of cellular activities. Its production is controlled in two ways. A drastic increase in (p)ppGpp is triggered by the stringent response. And there