factorsthat affect blood pressure（factorsthat影响血压）.doc

Factors that Affect Blood Pressure Graphics are used with permission of: Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings () Page 1. Introduction ? Blood pressure is affected by several factors: ? peripheral resistance ? vessel elasticity ? blood volume ? cardiac output ? As you go through this topic, keep in mind this flow chart, which outlines the factors affecting blood pressure: Page 2. Goals ? To understand the factors that affect peripheral resistance, and therefore blood pressure. ? To understand how vessel elasticity, blood volume, and cardiac output affect blood pressure. Page 3. Sources of Peripheral Resistance ? One of the main factors that affects blood pressure is peripheral resistance. ? Blood cells and plasma encounter resistance when they contact blood vessel walls. ? If resistance increases, then more pressure is needed to keep blood moving. ? Three main sources of peripheral resistance: 1. blood vessel diameter 2. blood viscosity 3. total vessel length Page 4. Vessel Diameter Analogy ? Vessel diameter affects peripheral resistance. ? As a the diameter of a tube gets smaller, a greater proportion of the fluid is in contact with the wall of the tube. Therefore resistance to flow is increased and pressure rises. ? Larger diameter, same volume, less pressure. ? Smaller diameter, same volume, more pressure. Page 5. Vasomotor Fibers ? Constriction of blood vessels raises blood pressure. ? Vessel diameter is actively regulated by vasomotor fibers, sympathetic nerve fibers that innervate the vessels smooth muscle layer. ? Vasomotor fibers release norepinephrine, a powerful vasoconstrictor. ? A vasoconstrictor is a substance that causes blood vessels to constrict. Page 6. Vasoconstrictors ? Blood vessel diameter is also regulated by blood-borne vasoconstrictors. ? Record the effect of each of these chemicals on the blood vessel: Epinephrine Angiotensin II Vasopressin Page 7. Viscosity Demonstration ? Blood viscosit