ppt课件-abcsofcarbonemissionsaccounting-cd4cdm.pptVIP

EQUATION GHG = A x EF GHG = A x EF Emissions Reduction CDM Eligible Projects Renewable energy Fuel switching End-use energy efficiency improvements Supply-side energy efficiency improvement Agriculture (reduction of CH4 NO2 emissions) Industrial processes (CO2 from cement, HFCs, etc) Sink projects (only afforestation reforestation) Emissions Reduction Calculations - objective is to define reference and project scenarios and determine the net difference in GHG emissions between these two scenarios DGHGredn = GHGbase – GHGproj = emissions reduction due to existence of the project GHGbase = an estimation of emissions assuming that no alternative project was implemented GHGproj = measures the GHG emissions following project implementation DGHGredn = GHGbase– GHGproj = (A*EF)base – (A*EF)proj *So that, in renewable energy projects wherein emission factors of the project are considered zero: DGHGredn = (A*EF)base – (A*0)proj = (A*EF)base DGHGredn = GHGbase * hydro, solar, wind - excludes leakage and other direct and indirect emissions zero Energy Industries Sample CDM Projects and Emissions Reduction 1. Renewable Energy Projects (Hydro, Wind, Biomass) - lower emission factor = CO2 savings 3. Energy Efficiency Projects - lower electricity consumption due to more efficient equipment or appliance (lower activity data) = CO2 savings 2. Landfill Gas to Energy Projects - capture and utilize methane from landfill; and displace fossil fuel used to generate electricity = CO2 savings and CH4 savings Sample CDM Projects and Emissions Reduction Calculation Renewable Energy Projects - lower emission factor = CO2 savings Hydro – Aquarius Hydrothermal Project Wind – Burgos Wind Energy Project Hands-on Exercises: Wind – Wigton Wind Farm Project Some References for estimating CO2 emissions and emissions reduction: Revised IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories (1996) GHG Assessment Handbook, 1998 – World Bank GHG