ppt课件-chapter9dnaandthemolecularstructureofchromosomes.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * What circular DNA exists in humans? Key Points DNA usually exists as a double helix, with the two strands held together by hydrogen bonds between the complementary base pairs: adenine paired with thymine and guanine paired with cytosine. The complementarity of the two strands of a double helix makes DNA uniquely suited to store and transmit genetic information. Key Points The two strands of a DNA double helix have opposite chemical polarity. RNA usually exists as a single-stranded HELIX containing uracil instead of thymine. Why Does RNA form a helical structure? STACKING OF BASES The DNA of Prokaryotes and Viruses Prokaryotes are monoploid. Most viruses and prokaryotes have a single set of genes stored in a single chromosome, which contains a single molecule of nucleic acid. The E. coli Chromosome Key Points The DNA molecules in prokaryotic and viral chromosomes are organized into negatively supercoiled domains. Bacterial chromosomes contain circular molecules of DNA segregated into about 50 domains. The Genetics of Bacteria Bacteria contain genes that mutate to produce altered phenotypes. Gene transfer in bacteria is unidirectional—from donor cells to recipient cells. Bacteria One main chromosome with a few thousand genes. Variable number of plasmids and episomes. Asexual reproduction by simple fission. Recombination in Bacteria Does this recombination process interfere with DNA cloning experiments? Key Points Bacteria usually contain one main chromosome. Wild-type bacteria are prototrophs; they can synthesize everything they need to grow and reproduce given an energy source and some inorganic molecules. Auxotrophic mutant bacteria require additional metabolites for growth.  Key Points Gene transfer in bacteria is unidirectional; genes from a donor cell are transferred to a recipient cell, with no transfer from recipient to donor. Mechanisms of Genetic Exchange in Bacteria Bacteria ex