ppt课件-chemistryxl-14anatureoflightandtheatom.pptVIP

Critical Points * Supercritical fluid Solubility * The Limits to Solubility The “Like-Dissolves-Like” Rule Pressure and Gas Solubility: Henry’s Law Temperature and Solubility Limits of Solubility * Terms: Solvent: the substance that dissolves Solute: the substance that is dissolved Saturated: the solvent has dissolved the maximum amount of solute it can, and undissolved solute remains Saturation is a dynamic equilibrium with the undissolved solute Like Dissolves Like * Substances have attractive cohesion forces when the have the same intermolecular forces Rule: Like Dissolves Like Polar solvents dissolve polar solutes Nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar solutes Polar liquids and nonpolar liquids are immiscible Detergents * Detergents have a hydrophobic tail group and a hydrophilic head group Hydrophobic – does not dissolve in water ‘hydro’ = water; ‘phobic’ = afraid Hydrophilic – dissolved in water ‘hydro’ = water; ‘philic’ = loves micelle Pressure and Gas Solubility: Henry’s Law * English chemist William Henry, 1801 The solubility of a gas is directly proportional to its partial pressure, P Henry’s Law Temperature and Solubility * Rate of dissolving, but not generally the solubility of a substance, increases at higher temperatures. Most gasses are less soluble in warm water than in cold water Colligative Propreties * Molality Vapor-Pressure Lowering Boiling-Point Elevation Freezing Point Depression Oxmosis Molality * Three measures of concentration Mole fraction Molarity Molality Molality and mole fraction are independent of temperature Mole Fraction ? Molality * What is the molality of benzene, C6H6, dissolved in toluene, C6H5CH3, in a solution for which the mole fraction of benzene is 0.150? Step 1. Find the amount of solute molecules in a total of exactly 1 mol of solution molecules Step 2. Find the mass of solvent present and convert to kg Step 3. Calculate the molality Molarity ? Molality * Find the molality of sucrose, C12H22O11, in 1.06 M C12H22