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Section 7.3—Changes in State Change in State Melting When going from a solid to a liquid, some of the intermolecular forces are broken The Enthalpy of Fusion (Hfus) is the amount of energy needed to melt 1 gram of a substance The enthalpy of fusion of water is 80.87 cal/g or 334 J/g All samples of a substance melt at the same temperature, but the more you have the longer it takes to melt (requires more energy). Example Example Vaporization When going from a liquid to a gas, all of the rest of the intermolecular forces are broken The Enthalpy of Vaporization (Hvap) is the amount of energy needed to boil 1 gram of a substance The Hvap of water is 547.2 cal/g or 2287 J/g All samples of a substance boil at the same temperature, but the more you have the longer it takes to boil (requires more energy). Example Example Changes in State go in Both Directions Going the other way The energy needed to melt 1 gram (Hfus) is the same as the energy released when 1 gram freezes. If it takes 547 J to melt a sample, then 547 J would be released when the sample freezes. DH will = -547 J The energy needed to boil 1 gram (Hvap) is the same as the energy released when 1 gram is condensed. If it takes 2798 J to boil a sample, then 2798 J will be released when a sample is condensed. DH will = -2798 J Example Example Heating Curves Going Up Down States of Matter on the Curve Different Heat Capacities Changing States Adding steps together Example Example Let’s Practice Let’s Practice * * What’s happening when a frozen ice pack melts? The energy being put into the system is used for breaking IMF’s, not increasing motion (temperature) To melt or boil, intermolecular forces must be broken Breaking intermolecular forces requires energy A sample with solid liquid will not rise above the melting point until all the solid is gone. The same is true for a sample of liquid gas Energy needed to melt Mass of the sample Energy needed to melt 1 g Example: Find the enthalpy of