ppt课件-ictandpower(electricity)-sodahall.pptVIP

Rahul Tongia, CMU ICT and Power (Electricity) Prof. Rahul Tongia School of Computer Science CMU 17-899 Fall 2003 Topics for Discussion Electricity and Development Power for ICT ICT for Power Fundamentals Electricity is a form of energy (kWh) Does not exist in usable forms Conversion usually requires prime movers (steam turbines, water turbines, etc.) Access to fuels (primary energy) is a key issue for developing countries Electricity is only about 125 years old Widespread use is much more recent US required special programs Rural Electrification Administration (REA) [now Rural Utilities Service] TVA Electricity from the grid can not be easily stored (AC) Most electronics use DC What’s Special about LDCs? Very low levels of Electrification 2 billion+ lack electricity Bad quality, intermittent, and often expensive power if available Lower Level of Economic Development Large rural agricultural sector Large quantities of crop residues: primary energy source Special needs for agricultural services (e.g., pumping water ~ 1/3 of India’s electricity) Heavily subsidized in many countries Industrial-Political Organization State-centered economies State-owned enterprises (SOEs) handle not just power but much of the economy Weak formal institutions E.g., regulatory institutions, courts, corporate governance Energy-Economy Correlation (Lack of) Access to Electricity Investments in LDC Power Sector Where Does Electricity Go? US ~ 1/3 residential, 1/3 industrial, 1/3 commercial Developing Countries Varies significantly by country Typically higher shares for non-residential (function of large, centralized design) Grid penetration to rural areas is very low Kenya used to have more homes served by Decentralized Generation (DG) than the grid (mainly solar) In reality, a fair amount is lost along the way, or stolen! Electricity in LDCs How Much Electricity Does ICT Use? Numbers as high as 13% of US electricity were claimed End users, servers, networking, etc. Later debunked ICT – Ene