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Reduction of pests and weeds Suppression of weeds Reduction of Soil erosion Nitrogen leaching Soil compaction Enhancement of Organic matter Water retention Soil moisture andnutrient content Selective in control within crop rows Finger weeder Direct control Physical measures Selective control within crop rows Torsion weeder Direct control Physical measures Selectivity and Efficacy of different selective mechanical in-row control techniques Manual weeding (h/ha) Ascard und Bellinder, 1996 Reduction after two treatments Direct control Physical measures Self-guided high-speed Hoe QI 500 Direct control Physical measures Non-selective control between crop rows Camera guided hoe Direct control Physical measures Multi-Sensor guided Transversal Hoe (University of Applied Sciences Osnabrück, Germany) Differentiation of crop and weeds by: Light reflection by the plants geometrical plant traits Weed control within the row by cycloid hoe Direct control Physical measures Centrifugal hoe (Design WageningenUniversity) Optical sensor knife Steering unit Centrifugal- disc Direct control Physical measures Thermal Control Direct control Physical measures Thermal Control Direct control Physical measures Open flame Ceramic element Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 W?denswil Daniel T. Baumann ? 2003 Weed Management without Herbicides – Reality or utopia? Dr. Daniel T. Baumann Labour requirement for hand weeding: On average in Swiss Vegetable Production: 20-100 h/ha Direct seeded crops: 0-500 h/ha Preventive (indirect) Curative (direct) ? Prevention (indirect) ? Farming- and cropping system ? Crop choice, varieties, sanitation, cover crops, etc. 2. Decision making ? Necessity: when, where, how? 3. Weed Control (preventive, direct) ? physical (mechanical, thermal, mulching) ? biocontrol (insects, pathogens, etc.) The success of weed management strategy depends on the most effective combination of Prevention