GES175,ScienceofSoils.pptVIP

Lecture 6, Soil Biology Microorganism-Plant Relationships Nitrogen Fixation - bacteria require plant for growth; plant gains ‘free’ source of available N Ectomycorrhyzae Mycorrhizae * * GES 175, Science of Soils The Little Guys CO2 O2 Detritus (Plant Debris) Fungi Earthworms Bacteria Soil Humus energy Soil Bacteria Ruehr’s Rule: “The bugs get it first”. CH2O ? CO2 NH4+ ? NO3- Fe2+ ? Fe3+ H2S ? SO42- NO3- ? NH4+ Fe3+ ? Fe2+ SO42- ? H2S O2 ? H2O Energy Yield Electron Donor (food) Electron Acceptor Edonor - Eacceptor Energy Energy CH2O CO2 O2 H2O NO3- CH2O CO2 N2 Fe(OH)3 CH2O CO2 Fe2+ CH2O CO2 SO42- H2S Energy Yields Donor Acceptor 700 400 100 Eh (mV)* Condition oxic suboxic anoxic *pH 7 Aerobic Organisms Food Source Organic carbon* Ammonium Ion (NH4+) Ferrous Iron (Fe2+) Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Electron Acceptor Molecular Oxygen (O2) CH2O ? CO2 NH4+ ? NO3- Fe2+ ? Fe3+ H2S ? SO42- O2 ? H2O Energy Yield Electron Donor (food) Electron Acceptor Energy -400 -36 KJ/mol Anaerobic Organisms Food Source Organic carbon* Ammonium Ion (NH4+) Ferrous Iron (Fe2+) Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Electron Acceptor Nitrate (NO3-) Manganese (Mn4+) Ferric Iron (Fe3+) Sulfate (SO42-) CH2O ? CO2 NO3- ? NH4+ Fe3+ ? Fe2+ SO42- ? H2S O2 ? H2O Energy Yield Electron Donor (food) Electron Acceptor Energy -400 -36 KJ/mol legumes Bacterial-Plant Symbiosis * Symbiotic relation between bacteria and plants: -e.g., legumes + Rhizobium * Grasses-Azospirillum/Azobactor N-Fixation: Frankia Frankia Nodules on Alder - actinomycetes - associates with desert shrubs (e.g., Ceanothus) and various tree species (e.g., alder) Fungi-Plant Interaction Mycorrhizae (root fungus) - extension of root system - fungus enhances nutrient and water intake - plants provide carbon source Nearly 90% of native plants have mycorrhizae association - association at exterior of root - develop on evergreen trees and shrubs - Associations occur in root interior between cells - Develop on deciduous trees, annua