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a p e n v i r o n m e n t a l s c i e n c e-noviscience-home（p e n v i r o n m e n t l s c i e n c e-noviscience-home）（5页）.doc

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Earth Science Contour Lines In previous exercises, we used isolines to illustrate the distribution of various phenomena. We used isotherms to show patterns of temperature. In the study of landforms, we often use maps showing elevation with isolines known as contour lines. Contour lines are lines that connect points of equal elevation. Contour lines enable us to study the topography of a region from a two-dimensional map. Figure 1 shows a simple contour line map and a profile cross section through the landscape. Figure 1: Simple contour line map and profile. SAMPLE CONTOUR LINE MAP Figure 22-2 shows a fictitious, landscape and a contour line map or the same landscape with various elevations and features labeled. CONTOUR LINE RULES The following, rules will help you interpret contour lines: A contour line connects points of equal elevation The difference in elevation between two contour lines is known as the contour interval. Usually every fifth contour line is a darker index contour, (On some maps, every fourth, line is an index contour.) Elevations on one side of a contour line are higher than on the other side. Contour lines never cross one another, although they may touch at a vertical cliff. Contour lines have no beginning or end. Every line closes on itself, either on or off the map. (a) (b) Figure 2: (a) Fictitious landscape; (b) Sample contour line map (contour interval 20’; adapted from U.S. Geological Survey). Uniformly spared contours indicate a uniform slope. If spaced far apart, contour lines indicate a gentle slope. If spaced close together, they represent a. steep slope. When crossing a valley, gully, or draw, a contour line makes a V pointing up-hill. When crossing a spur or a ridge running down the side of a hill, a contour line makes a “V pointing downhill. A contour line that closes within the limits of the map represents a hill or rise. The land within the closed contour is higher than the l