CHAPT的ER 6 SEMANTICS.docVIP

CHAPTER 6 SEMANTICS Hyponymy: Superordinate or Hyponyms Superordinate: bird tool Hyponyms: crow hawk duck etc. hammer saw chisel etc. (or superordinate) Hyponyms Kestrel sparrowhawk etc. hacksaw jigsaw etc. Hyponymy is a ‘one-way’ relation. We say that being an animal is a necessary condition for being a lion; it is not, however, a sufficient condition, an animal is of course not a type of lion. Creature animal bird fish reptile lion dog cow sparrow eagle ostrich trout eel shark snake lizard newt Verbs also enter into hyponymy relations. We can use the test sentence for a simple test: X-ing is a sort of / type of Y-ing. get move borrow steal find buy walk run stagger crawl Thus we can say borrowing is a sort of getting and crawling is a type of moving. Meronymy and Meronyms We can use the next systems to show this relationship: Car body wheel engine door window etc. arm leg piston valve etc. elbow wrist knee ankle Semantic Features or Componential Analysis For example: Male Previous Related by generation birth aunt - + - uncle + + - mother - + + father + + + son + - + daughter - - + ……. figure 6.1(adapted from Poole 2000:27) The assignment of Thematic Roles: We can illustrate such kind of thematic roles in the following sentences: 1. John sold the book to Mary. a