ppt课件-c s294-5 statistical natural language processing（c s294-5统计自然语言处理）.pptVIP

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ppt课件-c s294-5 statistical natural language processing（c s294-5统计自然语言处理）.ppt

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Statistical NLPWinter 2008 Lecture 2: Language Models Language and probability Birth of computational linguistics: 1950s machine translation This was also the birth-time of cognitive science, and an extremely exciting time for mathematics Birth of information theory (Shannon 1948) Birth of formal language theory (Chomsky 1956) However, the role of probability and information theory was rapidly dismissed from formal linguistics …the notion “probability of a sentence” is an entirely useless one, under any known interpretation of this term. (Chomsky 1967) (Also see Miller 1957, or Miller 2003 for a retrospective) Language and probability (2) Why was the role of probability in formal accounts of language knowledge dismissed? Chomsky (1957): Neither of these sentences has ever appeared before in human discourse None of the substrings has either Hence the probabilities P(W1) and P(W2) cannot be relevant to a native English speaker’s knowledge of the difference between these sentences Language and probability (3) But don’t be so sure… There’s more than one way to color an idea Language users must be able to generalize beyond their input Statistical inference is the study of such generalization Pereira (2000; see also Saul Pereira, 1997) use a class-based bigram model to model (1) and (2) before: Maybe probabilities aren’t such a useless model of language knowledge after all Language and probability (4) A class-based model looks something like this: The ci are unseen variables that have to be introduced into the model, either through: Annotation Unsupervised learning We’ll cover these later in the course For now, we’ll focus on the basic problem of the language model: P(W) The uses of language models Once we have a language model--P(W)--what can we do with it??? Answer: Language models are core component of many applications where task is to recover an utterance from an input This is done through Bayes’ rule Some practical uses of language models… Speech in a