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CHAPTER TWO: BASICS IN IRRIGATION ENGINEERING 2.1. IRRIGATION ENGINEERING: This involves Conception, Planning, Design, Construction, Operation and Management of an irrigation system. An irrigation engineer is one who has a long theoretical and practical training in planning, design, construction, operation and management of irrigation systems. Considerations in Planning Irrigation Systems i) Location: The main point to consider in locating an irrigation project is the need to investigate available resources in the area e.g. Climate, Adequate water in quality and quantity, Land with good agricultural potential and Good topography, Availability of labour (sophisticated or not), Land tenure, Marketing, Transport facilities etc. Considerations in Planning Irrigation Systems Contd. ii) Crops to be grown: Should be determined by available resources as well as marketability of the crops especially in terms of what people like to eat. iii) Water Supply: Consider (a)Sources of water (b) Quantity and quality of water c) Engineering works necessary to obtain water e.g. if underground, pumping is needed d) Conveyance System: can be by gravity e.g. open channels or canals or by closed conduits e.g. pipes. (e) Water measuring devices e.g. weirs, orifice, flumes, current meters ? Other Considerations iv) Systems of Applying Water: e.g. Surface (90% worldwide), Sprinkler(5%), Trickle and Sub-irrigation(5%). ? v) Water Demand: The water requirement for the given crop has to be determined. This is by calculating the evapotranspiration (to be treated later) ? vi) Project Management: Consider how to manage the irrigation system ? 2.2 CROP WATER AND NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS In irrigation, it is essential to know the amount of water needed by crops. This determines the quantity of water to be added by irrigation and rainfall and helps in day to day man