ppt课件-map projections- c e profs（地图投影- c e教授）.pptVIP

Map Projections (1/2) Francisco Olivera, Ph.D., P.E. Center for Research in Water Resources University of Texas at Austin Overview Geodetic Datum Map Projections Coordinate systems Global Positioning System Definition A geodetic datum defines the size and shape of the earth, and the origin and orientation of the axis used to define the location of points. Over time, geodetic data have evolved from simple flat surfaces and spheres to complex ellipsoids. Flat earth models can be accurate over short distances (i.e., less than 10 Km), spherical earth models for approximate global distance calculations, and ellipsoidal earth models for accurate global distance calculations. Shape of the Earth Ellipse Ellipsoid or Spheroid Standard Ellipsoids Standard Horizontal Geodetic Data NAD27 (North American Datum of 1927) uses the Clarke (1866) ellipsoid. NAD83 (North American Datum of 1983) uses the GRS80 ellipsoid. WGS84 (World Geodetic System of 1984) uses GRS80. Earth Surfaces Earth Surfaces Elevation Standard Vertical Geodetic Datum A vertical datum defines elevation z, taking into account a map of gravity anomalies between the ellipsoid and the geoid. NGVD29 (National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929). NAVD88 (North American Vertical Datum of 1988). Overview Geodetic Datum Map Projections Coordinate systems Global Positioning System Map Projections A map projection is a mathematical algorithm to transform locations defined on the curved surface of the earth into locations defined on the flat surface of a map. Map Projection Types of Projections Conic: Screen is a conic surface. Lamp at the center of the earth. Examples: Albers Equal Area, Lambert Conformal Conic. Good for East-West land areas. Cylindrical: Screen is a cylindrical surface. Lamp at the center of the earth. Examples: (Transverse Mercator). Good for North-South land areas. Azimuthal: Screen is a flat surface tangent to the earth. Lamp at the center of the earth (gnomonic), at the other side of the e