ppt课件-m y s t e r i e s o f p l a n e t e a r t h- wayne state（m y s t e r i e s o f p l n e t e r t h -韦恩州立）.pptVIP

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ppt课件-m y s t e r i e s o f p l a n e t e a r t h- wayne state（m y s t e r i e s o f p l n e t e r t h -韦恩州立）.ppt

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Key elements of Plate Tectonics Earth’s lithosphere consists of rigid plates Plates move relative to one another by divergence, convergence, or transform motion Oceanic lithosphere forms at divergent plate boundaries and are consumed at subduction zones Most earthquakes, volcanism, faulting and mountain building take place at plate boundaries. Plate centers tend to be geologically stableKey Basic Assumptions of Plate Tectonic Theory Lithosphere consists of rigid plates (100 km average; 70 km for ocean 150 km for continents) Plates move relative to one another by Divergence, Convergence, or Transform motion Formation of Oceanic lithosphere at divergent plate boundaries and is consumed at subduction zone Most earthquake activity, volcanism, faulting, and mountain building take place at plate boundaries Centers of plates are stable Plate velocity - determination Satellite based studies- plate motion and geomagnetic research Velocity of plates measures directly by ground-based laser which beams off reflectors on selected satellites Hot Spots- can serve as fixed reference point to measure absolute plate velocities Structures formed as plates move over hot spots also reveal speed and direction of plates Marine Magnetic Anomalies are used to estimate rates of divergence, and therefore plate motion Eco-sounder sonar- topography of sea floor and seismic profiling- study underlying layers Relative Plate velocities Relative Plate velocities-contd. Satellite Global system Mid-Pacific Hot spot Tracking Magnetic Field Reversals DISCOVERY OF MARINE MAGNETIC ANOMALIES (WW-II MAGNETOMETER OBSERVATIONS IN THE SHIP) VINE MATHEWS’ HYPOTHESIS OF MAGNETIC REVERSALS (EVIDENCE OF SEA-FLOOR SPREADING AT DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES) MEASURING PLATE MOVEMENT BY MAGNETIC ANOMALIES (ANOMALY’S DISTANCE FROM SPREADING RIDGE) PLATE SPEED: 1 TO 10 CM PER YEAR Marine magnetic anomalies Marine magnetic anomaly-contd. Marine magnetic anomaly-contd. Directions and Rates of Plate movement Nature an